Excel is a good analytical tool but it is not designed as a database platform. Tomb raider pc game download. It has certain database functions but if we want to store data properly, we often look for other database platform. Microsoft Access is the number 1 choice when an Excel user look for a relational database management system. First, Microsoft Access is part of Microsoft Office family; second, Excel and Access are very well integrated together; last, its cost is quite reasonable.

Apart from Access, Microsoft also has developed another relational database management system, Microsoft SQL Server. It used to be a clear cut that Microsoft Access is designed for desktop use and Microsoft SQL Server is target for server applications. However, as desktop is getting more powerful and SQL Server has introduced many different editions, the line between Access and SQL Server has become blurred. I would like to use this opportunity to compare these two products and how they differ from each other.

Price

Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access 2013: US$109

SQL Server Express Edition

SQL Server Express Edition: Free

You can download SQL Server 2014 Express Edition from MSDN.

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Capacity

Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access allows us to store up to 2GB per database and use one single core to process.

SQL Server Express Edition

Microsoft SQL Server 2014 Express Edition supports up to 10GB per database and lesser of 1 Socket or 4 cores.

Architecture

Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access is a desktop, file based application. It has 2 main components, Jet/ACE database engine and a Rapid Application Development (RAD) tool that quickly build forms and reports that are are bound to the database.

Access is a desktop application so all Access data must be downloaded to desktop if the database is stored on a network drive. It can be a performance issue if the Access database contains a lot of data without proper index.

SQL Server Express Edition

Microsoft SQL Server Express is a free, feature-rich edition of SQL Server that is ideal for developing, powering desktop, web & small server applications. SQL Server Express also bundles with Reporting Services that provides a full range of ready-to-use tools and services to help us create, deploy and manage reports.

It is a client/server database engine, i.e. the query is always processed on the server and only returns the results to the client applications. It is much more effective if the database is shared by the team / department.

No matter price, capacity and architecture, SQL Server Express Edition is more superior than Microsoft Access. It will be much easier to upgrade to other SQL Server Editions if we reach the limits of SQL Server Express Edition, because they are all SQL Server!

Many Excel users did not choose SQL Server because they believe Microsoft Access is more user friendly. I would like to examine some common database operations and see if SQL Server is really difficult to use.

• Create Database
• Create Table
• Create Index
• Create View (Query)
• Retrieve Data in Excel

Create Database

We are going to use Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio to handle all our database activities.

Once we log on to the SQL Server (localhost), we would see the Object Explorer. Inside the Object Explorer, there are many different objects. Since we are going to create database, we right click on Databases and select New Database..

Enter the Database name: and specify the Initial Size (MB) for the database and log file. Click OK button.

This is all we need to do to create our first SQL database.

Create Table

After we create our first database, Sample01, you can find it in the Object Explorer. Expand Sample01 and we would find another list of objects. This time we right click on Tables and Select New Table..

We can define our first table.

Once we finish defining the table, we click the Save button. We specify the table name and then click OK button.

Create Index

Creating a primary key is quite simple; select the column, right click and select Set Primary Key.

Apart from primary key, we can also create more indexes using Table Designer.

The following example create an index on [Policy Holder Name].

Create View (Query)

Creating a new view is not so much different from Microsoft Access, right click on Views and select New View..

Below is an example of how a view is defined in SQL Server. Does it look familiar?

Retrieve Data in Excel

Retrieving SQL Server data in Excel is as simple as Microsoft Access data; they are virtually next to each other.

The Data Connection Wizard would guide us through a few steps to select the server, database and table that we would like to import the data from.

Once we click the Finish button, we can select where the data should be stored.

We now successfully loaded the data

Conclusion

SQL Server can be very simple to use; but yet it is an enterprise database management system. Microsoft Access has no match against the security, performance and extensibility that Microsoft SQL Server can offer. SQL Server has many advanced features that are beyond any power Access user. So if we are looking for a database platform that can grow with our needs, then we should have every reason to use SQL Server rather than Access. We can start using SQL Server Express Edition; it is free and we can download it from Microsoft now.

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.

General information[edit]

Operating system support[edit]

The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.

Fundamental features[edit]

Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.

Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.

Note (2): MySQL provides ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.^[55][56]

Note (3): 'For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in CREATE TABLE statements. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines.'^[57]

Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.

Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.

Note (6): MariaDB's default XtraDB engine is ACID compliant.

Note (7): OpenEdge SQL database engine uses Referential Integrity, OpenEdge ABL Database engine does not and is handled via database triggers.

Limits[edit]

Information about data size limits.

Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.^[61] Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.

Note (2): Limit is 10³⁸ using DECIMAL datatype.^[62]

Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding VARBINARY, VARCHAR, BLOB, or TEXT columns).^[63]

Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,017 columns.^[63]

Note (6): Using VARCHAR (MAX) in SQL 2005 and later.^[64]

Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.

Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (2³¹) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per CHAR/VARCHAR.

Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,^[65] which work for timestamps between 24 November 4714 B.C. and 1 November 5352.

Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.

Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to 4000 B.

Note (12): The 128PB limit refers to the storage limit of a single Informix server instance. Informix v12.10 and later versions support using sharding techniques to distribute a table across multiple server instances. A distributed Informix database has no upper limit on table or database size.

Tables and views[edit]

Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.

Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.^[66]

Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.^[67]

Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.^[68]

Note (5): Materialized views are now standard.

Indexes[edit]

Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.

Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.^[102]

Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.

Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column^[103] (doesn't easily update) or by using an 'Indexed View'^[104] (proper name not just any view works^[105]).

Note (4): Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.

Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index^[106] entries as needed.

Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.

Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.

Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.

Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.

Database capabilities[edit]

Note (1):Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY.

Data types[edit]

Other objects[edit]

Information about what other objects are supported natively.

Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. 'Stored procedure' is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.

Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.

Note (3): ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.

Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.

Partitioning[edit]

Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.

Note (1): Since version 8.1 PostgreSQL provides partitioning support through check constraints.^[147]

Note (2): Raima Database Manager 14.0 requires the application programs to select the correct partition (using range, hash or composite techniques) when adding data, but the database union functionality allows all partitions to be read as a single database.^[148]

Access control[edit]

Information about access control functionalities (work in progress).

Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.

Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.

Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).

Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?

Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?

Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list.^[160]

Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.

Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install.^[161]

Note (9): Authentication methods.^[162]

Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.

Note (11): Authentication methods.^[163]

Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.

Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.^[164]

Databases vs schemas (terminology)[edit]

The SQL specification defines what an 'SQL schema' is; however, databases implement it differently. To compound this confusion the functionality can overlap with that of a parent database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database; things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot '.'. This seems to be a universal among all of the implementations.

A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such: SELECT * FROM database.schema.table

Both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, 'foo', from another like-named table 'foo'. The following is pseudo code:

• SELECT * FROM database1.foo vs. SELECT * FROM database2.foo (no explicit schema between database and table)
• SELECT * FROM [database1.]default.foo vs. SELECT * FROM [database1.]alternate.foo (no explicit database prefix)

The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to PostgreSQL-schemas, insomuch as PostgreSQL lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.

MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that CREATE SCHEMA and CREATE DATABASE are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, PostgreSQL fully supports schemas but lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support standard schemas.

Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the 'shared-everything' Oracle RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different servers. In the Oracle implementation, a 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.

Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance like MySQL. It supports the CREATE SCHEMA syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.

PostgreSQL and some other databases have recently added support for foreign schemas, which is the ability to import schemas from other servers as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of SQL:2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema.^[165] While support for ISO/IEC 9075-9 bridges the gap between the two competing philosophies surrounding schemas, MySQL and Informix maintain an implicit association between databases while ISO/IEC 9075-9 requires that any such linkages be explicit in nature.

See also[edit]

• Relational database management system (includes market share data)
• Object database - some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.

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External links[edit]

• Comparison of different SQL implementations against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. (8 June 2007)