Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who developed general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.^[1] He and his colleagues developed this theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously. Like his contemporary, Frederick Winslow Taylor, he is widely acknowledged as a founder of modern management method.

• 2Work
  • 2.2Fayolism
• 3Publications

Biography[edit]

Fayol was born in 1841 in a suburb of Constantinople (current Istanbul). His father (an engineer) was in the military at the time and was appointed superintendent of works to build Galata Bridge, which bridged the Golden Horn.^[1] The family returned to France in 1847, where Fayol graduated from the mining academy 'École Nationale Supérieure des Mines' in Saint-Étienne in 1860.

In 1860 at the age of nineteen Fayol started working at the mining company named 'Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambault-Decazeville' in Commentry as the mining engineer.^[2]He was hired by Stéphane Mony, who had decided to hire the best engineers from the Saint-Étienne Mining School.Fayol joined the firm as an engineer and trainee manager.Mony made Fayol his protege, and Fayol succeeded him as manager of the Commentry Mine and eventually as managing director of Commentry-Fourchambault and Decazeville.^[3]During his time at the mine, he studied the causes of underground fires, how to prevent them, how to fight them, how to reclaim mining areas that had been burned, and developed a knowledge of the structure of the basin.^[2] In 1888 he was promoted to managing director. During his time as director, he made changes to improve the working situations in the mines, such as allowing employees to work in teams, and changing the division of labor.^[2] Later, more mines were added to his duties.

In 1900 Fayol became a member of the Comité Central des Houillères de France, member of the board of the Comité des forges and administrator of the Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville.^[4]Eventually, the board decided to abandon its iron and steel business and the coal mines. They chose Henri Fayol to oversee this as the new managing director. Upon receiving the position, Fayol presented the board with a plan to restore the firm. The board accepted the proposal.^[2] When he retired in 1918, the company was financially strong and one of the largest industrial combines in Europe

Based largely on his own management experience, he developed his concept of administration. In 1916 he published these experience in the book Administration Industrielle et Générale, at about the same time as Frederick Winslow Taylor published his Principles of Scientific Management.

Work[edit]

Fayol's work became more generally known with the 1949 publication of 'General and industrial administration',^[5] the English translation^[6] of the 1916 article 'Administration industrielle et générale'. In this work Fayol presented his theory of management, known as Fayolism. Before that Fayol had written several articles on mining engineering, starting in the 1870s, and some preliminary papers on administration.^[7]

Mining engineering[edit]

Starting in the 1870s, Fayol wrote a series of articles on mining subjects, such as on the spontaneous heating of coal (1879), the formation of coal beds (1887), the sedimentation of the Commentry, and on plant fossils (1890),

His first articles were published in a French Bulletin de la Société de l'Industrie minérale, and beginning in the early 1880s in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, the proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences.

Fayolism[edit]

Fayol's work was one of the first comprehensive statements of a general theory of management.^[8] He proposed that there were five primary functions of management and fourteen principles of management^[9]

Functions of management[edit]

In his original work, Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle, five primary functions were identified:^[9]

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling

The control function, from the French contrôler, is used in the sense that a manager must receive feedback about a process in order to make necessary adjustments and must analyze the deviations. Lately scholars of management combined the commanding and coordinating function into one leading function.

Principles of management[edit]

1. Division of work - In practice, employees are specialized in different areas and they have different skills. Different levels of expertise can be distinguished within the knowledge areas (from generalist to specialist). Personal and professional developments support this. According to Henri Fayol specialization promotes efficiency of the workforce and increases productivity. In addition, the specialization of the workforce increases their accuracy and speed. This management principle of the 14 principles of management is applicable to both technical and managerial activities.
2. Authority - According to Henri Fayol, the accompanying power or authority gives the management the right to give orders to the subordinates.14 Principles of Henry Fayol
3. Discipline - This third principle of the 14 principles of management is about obedience. It is often a part of the core values of a mission and vision in the form of good conduct and respectful interactions 14 principles of management
4. Unity of command - Every employee should receive orders from only one superior or behalf of the superior.
5. Unity of direction - Each group of organizational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan for achievement of one common goal.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest - The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.
7. Remuneration - All Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
8. Centralisation and decentralisation - This refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.
9. Scalar chain - The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain.
10. Order - this principle is concerned with systematic arrangement of men, machine, material etc. There should be a specific place for every employee in an organization
11. Equity - Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
12. Stability of tenure of personnel - High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
13. Initiative - Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
14. Esprit de corps - Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.

While Fayol came up with his theories almost a century ago, many of his principles are still represented in contemporary management theories.^[10]

Publications[edit]

Books, translated[edit]

• IN 1930, Industrial and General Administration. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
• 1949. General and Industrial Management. Translated by C. Storrs, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London.

Articles, translated, a selection[edit]

• 1900. 'Henri Fayol addressed his colleagues in the mineral industry 23 June 1900.' Translated by J.A. Coubrough. In: Fayol (1930) Industrial and General Administration. pp. 79–81 (Republished in: Wren, Bedeian & Breeze, (2002) 'The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory')
• 1909. 'L'exposee des principles generaux d'administration'. Translated by J.D Breeze. published in: Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) 'The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory', Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp. 906 – 918
• 1923. 'The administrative theory in the state'. Translated by S. Greer. In: Gulick, L. and Urwick. L. Eds. (1937) Papers on the Science of Administration, Institute of Public Administration. New York. pp. 99–114

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abMorgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN0-415-36977-0, p.96.
2. ^ ^abcdWren, D.A. (2001). 'Henri Fayol as a strategist: a nineteenth century corporate turnaround'. Management Decision.
3. ^Wood, John C.; Wood, Michael C. (2002), Henri Fayol: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management, Taylor & Francis, ISBN978-0-415-24818-1, retrieved 2018-03-09
4. ^'Fayol, Henri', Patrons de France (in French), retrieved 2017-08-02
5. ^Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) 'The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory', Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp.906 - 918 state: 'It was not until the Storr's translation that Fayol's (1949) Administration Industrielle et Générale reached a wider audience, especially in the USA and established Fayol as a major authority on management.'
6. ^The first English translation by J.A. Coubrough in 1930 didn't have that much impact. The first translation in German was published around the same time in 1929.
7. ^Derek Salman Pugh, David John Hickson (2007) Great Writers on Organizations: The Third Omnibus Edition, p.144
8. ^Narayanan, Veekay K; Nath, Raghu (1993), Organization theory : a strategic approach, Irwin, p. 29, ISBN978-0-256-08778-9
9. ^ ^abFayol, Henri (1917), Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle (in French), Paris, H. Dunod et E. Pinat, OCLC40224931
10. ^Pryor, J.L.; Guthrie, C. (2010). 'The private life of Henri Fayol and his motivation to build a management science'. Journal of Management History.

External links[edit]

• Fiche de lecture d'Administration industrielle et générale, Claude Remila, Cours d'organisation et systèmes d'information. (in French)

Different management experts have explained different principles on the basis of their research. Henry Fayol, a famous industrialist of France, has described fourteen principles of management in his book General and Industrial Management.

Image Courtesy : staffingstream.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/management.jpg

Explaining the difference between ‘principles’ and ‘elements’ he makes it clear that the principles of management are fundamentally true and establish a relationship between cause and effect, while the ‘elements’ of management point towards its functions.

While presenting the principles of management Fayol has kept two things in mind. Firstly, the list of the principles of management should not be long but should be suggestive and only those principles should be explained which become applicable in most of the situations.

Secondly, the principles of management should be flexible and not rigid so that changes can be made in them in case of need. The fourteen principles given by Fayol are as under:

(1) Division of Work:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

This principle of Fayol tells us that as far as possible the whole work should be divided into different parts and each individual should be assigned only one part of the work according to his ability and taste rather than giving the whole work to one person.

When a particular individual performs the same job repeatedly, he will become an expert in doing that particular part of the whole job. Consequently, the benefits of specialisation will become available.

For example, a furniture manufacturer gets an order for manufacturing 100 lecture stands. He has five workers who will do the job. There are two ways to complete this order. First, every worker should be asked to complete 20 lecture stands.

The second method can be distributing different parts of the lecture stand-legs, top board, centre support, assembling and polishing-to all the five workers in a manner that only one worker does the same job for all the 100 lecture stands. Here, Fayol’s indication is to the second way to do this job and not the former one.

The principle of division of labour applies not only to the workers but also equally to the managers. For example, if a manager is tuned to work on the same kind of activities for a long period of time, he will certainly be an expert in his particular job. Consequently, more and beneficial decisions can be taken in a comparatively less time by him.

Positive Effect advantages of specialisation are obtained, such as increase in the quality of work, increase in the speed of production, decrease in the wastage of resources.

Violating Effect the above-mentioned positive effects of specialisation will not be available.

(2) Authority and Responsibility:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

According to this principle, authority and responsibility should go hand in hand. It means that when a particular individual is given a particular work and he is made responsible for the results, this can be possible only when he is given sufficient authority to discharge his responsibility.

It is not proper to make a person responsible for any work in the absence of authority. In the words of Fayol, “The result of authority is responsibility. It is the natural result of authority and essentially another aspect of authority and whenever authority is used, responsibility are automatically born.”

For example, the CEO of a company has doubled the sales target of the sales manager for the coming year. To achieve this target, authority for appointing necessary sales representatives, advertising according to the need, etc. shall have to be allowed. In case these things are not allowed the sales manager cannot be held responsible for not

(3) Discipline:

Discipline is essential for any successful work performance. Fayol considers discipline to mean obedience, respect for authority, and observance of established rules.

Discipline can be established by providing good supervision at all levels, clearly explaining the rules, and implementing a system of reward and punishment. A manager can present a good example to his subordinates by disciplining himself.

For example, if the employees break their promise of working up to their full capacity, it will amount to the violation of obedience. Similarly a sales manager has the authority to do business on credit.

But in case he allows this facility not to the general customers but only to his relatives and friends, then it will amount to ignoring his respect to his authority. (Note: Both these examples give a message of indiscipline which is an undesirable situation.)

(4) Unity of Command:

According to the principle of unity of command, an individual employee should receive orders from only one superior at a time and that employee should be answerable only to that superior. If there are many superiors giving orders to the same employee, he will not be able to decide as to which order is to be given priority. He thus finds himself in a confused situation.

Such a situation adversely affects the efficiency of the subordinates. On the other hand, when there are many superiors, every superior would like his orders to be given priority. This ego problem creates a possibility of clash. Consequently, their own efficiency is likely to be affected.

(5) Unity of Direction:

Unity of direction means that there should be one head for one plan for a group of activities having the same objective. In other words, there should be one plan of action for a group of activities having the same objective and there should be one manager to control them.

For example, suppose an automobile company is manufacturing two products, namely, scooters and cars, hence having two divisions.

As each product has its own markets and problems therefore each division must have its own targets. Now each division must plan its target as per its environmental conditions to get better results. It is necessary to distinguish between the meaning of the unity of command and the unity of direction.

Unity of command means that there should be only one manager at a time to give command to an employee, while the unity of direction means that there should be only one manager exercising control over all the activities having the same objective.

Unity of Command & Unity of Direction

In this connection Fayol feels that for the efficient running of an organisation the unity of direction is important, while the unity of command is important to enhance the efficiency of the employees.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

(6) Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest:

This principle can be named ‘Priority to General Interest over Individual Interest.’ According to this principle, the general interest or the interest of the organisation is above everything. If one is asked to place individual interest and the general interest in order of priority, definitely the general interest will be placed at the first place.

For example, if a manager takes some decision which harms him personally but results in a great profit to the company, he should certainly give priority to the interest of the company and take the decision accordingly. On the contrary, if some decision helps the manager personally but results in a great loss to the company, then such a decision should never be taken.

For example, a purchase manager of a company has to purchase 100 tonnes of raw material. His son happens to be a supplier along with other suppliers in the market. The manager purchases the raw material from the firm of his son at a rate higher than the market rate. This will profit the manager personally, but the company will incur heavy loss. This situation is undesirable.

(7) Remuneration to Employees:

Fayol is of the opinion that the employees should get a fair remuneration so that the employees and the owners find equal amount of satisfaction. It is the duty of the manager to ensure that employees are being paid remuneration according to their work. If, however, they are not paid properly for their work, they will not do their work with perfect dedication, honesty and capacity.

As a result, the organisation shall have to face failure. Proper remuneration depends on some factors like the cost of living, demand of labour and their ability. Fayol feels that in order to motivate the employees, apart from general remuneration, they should be given some monetary and non-monetary incentives.

For example, suppose that the things are getting dearer and dearer and the company is getting good profits. In such a situation, the remuneration of the employees should be increased even without their asking. If this is not done, the employees will leave the company at the first opportunity. Expenses shall have to be incurred on new recruitment which shall bring loss to the company.

(8) Centralisation and Decentralisation:

According to this principle, the superiors should adopt effective centralisation instead of complete centralisation and complete decentralisation. By effective centralisation, Fayol does not mean that authority should be completely centralised.

He feels that the superiors should keep the authority of taking important decisions in their own hands, while the authority to take daily decisions and decisions of less importance should be delegated to the subordinates.

The ratio of centralisation and decentralisation can differ in different situations. For example, it is advantageous to have more centralisation in a small business unit and more decentralisation in a big business unit.

For example, the decisions in respect of determining the objectives and policies, expansion of business, etc. should remain in the hands of the superiors. On the other hand, authority for the purchase of raw material, granting leave to the employees, etc. should be delegated to the subordinates.

Positive Effect

(i) Decrease in the workload of superiors

(ii) Better and quick decisions

(iii) Increase in the encouragement to the subordinates

Violating Effect

(i) Unnecessary increase in the workload of the superiors in case of centralisation and of the subordinates in case of decentralisation

(ii) Impatient and wrong decisions by the superiors in case of complete centralisation and weak decisions by the subordinates in case of complete decentralisation

(iii) Decline in the encouragement to subordinates in case of complete centralisation

(9) Scalar Chain:

(i) Meaning of Scalar Chain:

It refers to a formal line of authority which moves from highest to the lowest ranks in a straight line,

(ii) Fayol’s Opinion:

This chain must be followed in a strict manner. It means each communication must move from top to bottom and vice versa in a straight line. The important condition here is that no step (post) should be overlooked during communication.

(iii)Fayol’s Ladder:

Fayol has explained this principle with the help of a ladder.

For example, in a company the employee ‘F’ wants to have contact with the employee ‘P’. According to the principle of scalar chain ‘F’ shall have to reach ‘A’ through the medium of E,D,C,B and then having contact with L,M,N,0 shall reach ‘P’. Thus ‘F’ shall have to take the help of all the nine steps (posts) to have business contact with ‘P’.

(iv)Utility:

Due to more clear system of authority and communication, problems can be solved faster.

(v) Gang Plank:

It is the exception of the principle of scalar chain. This concept was developed to establish a direct contact with the employee of equal rank in case of emergency to avoid delay in communication.

For example, as shown in the diagram employee ‘F’ can have direct contact with employee ‘P’. But for doing so employees ‘F’ and ‘P’ shall have to seek the prior permission of their immediate bosses ‘E’ and ‘O’. The details of their talk also shall have to be given to them.

(10) Order:

According to the principle of order, a right person should be placed at the right job and a right thing should be placed at the right place. According to Fayol, every enterprise should have two different orders-Material Order for Physical Resources and Social Order for Human Resources.

Keeping the physical resources in order means that ‘a proper place for everything and everything in its right place’. Similarly, keeping the human resources in order means ‘a place for everyone and everyone in his appointed place’.

Maintaining these two orders properly will ensure that everybody knows his workplace, what he is to do and from where he would get his required material. Consequently, all the available resources in the organisation will be utilised properly.

Gang Plank: A Special Note

Gang Plank can only be established with the employees of the equal or same level. For example, in the present example no gang plank can be established between F and O.

For example, an employee working in a factory should know the place or source from where he can get his tools in case of need. Similarly, he should know the place where his supervisor will be available in case of any need.

It is, however, important to note that it is not sufficient to have an allotted place for a toolbox and for the supervisor but the availability of both at their decided place is absolutely important. If this is not the case, it can lead to a heavy loss as a result of damage to the machines.

(11) Equity:

This principle tells that the managers should treat their subordinates in a just and kind manner so that they develop a feeling of dedication and attachment for their work. All the employees should be treated equally and impartially.

Fayol tells us in connection with this principle that there should not be any equality of treatment between a person whose work is really good and a person who is a shirker by nature.

Rather, the latter should be treated sternly. Doing so would be equitable. It is because of this point of view that Taylor has presented his differential remuneration method.

(12) Stability of Personnel:

From the point of view of management it is absolutely harmful to change the employees frequently as it is a reflection of inefficient management. Therefore, according to this principle there should be stability of tenure of the employees so that the work continues efficiently.

Fayol thinks that instability in the tenure of employees is a cause of poor management and results. High rate of labour turnover will result in increased expenses because of selecting them time and again, and giving them training afresh.

It also lowers the prestige of the organisation and creates a feeling of insecurity among the employees which keeps them busy in finding out new avenues of work. Consequently, the sense of dedication cannot be created among them.

For example, it is true that if the workers in a company are not treated well and the atmosphere in the company is also unhealthy, the employees will not stay for a long time. In other words, they will leave the company at the first opportunity available. This situation is absolutely harmful.

For example, a labourer completes 10 units of goods in a day. Another labourer who happens to be a relative of the supervisor completes 8 units but both get equal remuneration. This violates the principles of equality. The second labourer should get less remuneration than the first one.

(13)Initiative:

Initiative means the capacity to work while expressing one’s thoughts. According to Fayol, it is the duty of the manager to encourage the feeling of initiative among his employees for doing some work or taking some decision but within the limits of authority and discipline.

It will be possible only when the manager will welcome the thoughts of his/her subordinates. By doing so the subordinates will present new and useful ideas time and again and gradually they will become an integral part of the organisation. In order to make this process a success a manager will have to abandon his false sense of prestige.

For example, a salesman suggests to his sales manager to implement a new advertisement technique. The sales manager sends him away by telling him that it is not possible and ignores the suggestion altogether.

In such a situation the salesman, who has been admonished and belittled, will never venture to offer any suggestion in future because his desire of taking initiative has been suppressed.

On the contrary, if his suggestion had been listened to carefully (even though not to be implemented) he could have taken the courage to offer some suggestion in future. Such an action would simply have encouraged his initiative.

Positive Effect

(i) Increase in the thinking power of the employees

(ii) Cooperation of the employees in implementing decisions

(iii) Increase in the sense of attachment to the organisation Violating Effect

(iv) Decline in the thinking power of the employees

(v) An atmosphere of non-cooperation

(vi) Decline in the employees’ attachment to the company

(14)Esprit de corps:

As per this principle, a manager should continuously make efforts to develop a team spirit among the subordinates. To do this, he/she should use the word ‘We’ instead of” during the conversation with subordinates.